The bitter truth was that the Cold War wasn’t being won by flexes in space. Technical superiority was not gaining the upper hand over Vietnamese tactics. The West’s only hope was to “out-economic” the Soviets and the Maoists. A moon base was too expensive with no immediate gains, plus deep space was utterly terrifying, and too few US states had an economic benefit that contributed to Saturn V rockets. The shuttle program seemed promising with the thought that one might touch down at an airport near you, and the International Space Station, the massive Galileo Probe and the serviceable Hubble Telescope drew international engagement (i.e., spent other countries’ budgets). Closer to Earth seemed safer, although we would soon learn the folly of that presumption. The Soyuz weren’t glamorous, but even when one didn’t work, our astronauts’ odds of living to complain about it were higher. Plus Kazakhstan turned out to be a pretty cool destination after the Iron Curtain fell.
We needed all that time to build up robotics, autonomous vehicles, electricity generation, and additive manufacturing … and Kevlar! But, we also needed more open risk assessment — a skill that some Japanese auto manufacturers had, but NASA had to develop (wrecking a few probes along the way even after that). And orbital mechanics had to be mastered. Although we’ve gone back to roughly the same aerodynamic profile, the scale of Orion, how it’s assembled, how it flies, and how go/no-go decisions are made eclipses anything any nation has done. It’s a testament to those decades in near earth orbit that the thing even has a toilet (although the plumbing needs more engineering).
There’s a lot the space program can teach our scouts about science, but there are lessons in integrity, dedication, and fellowship that should not be ignored.